Art Archive

Thomas Rowlandson

Thomas Rowlandson was a British caricaturist and draughtsman whose satirical eye and fluid line made him one of the defining graphic artists of the late Georgian era. His prints and drawings move between social satire, classical mythology and scenes of everyday life, carried by etching, aquatint and watercolor, often finished by hand. This archive gathers 155 of his sheets, the great majority hand-colored etchings, alongside plain etchings, watercolors and watercolor with pen and ink, with impressions up to 1822.

155 works in the collection · All public domain (CC0)

Thomas Rowlandson — City View with Medieval Gate (perhaps York)
City View with Medieval Gate (perhaps York)
1775–1827 · Pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Harbor scene with the tide out, and beached boats
Harbor scene with the tide out, and beached boats
1775–1827 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Harbor scene (1775–1827, Met-Objekt 4213)
Harbor scene (1775–1827, Met-Objekt 4213)
1775–1827 · Pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Harbor scene (1775–1827, Met-Objekt 4214)
Harbor scene (1775–1827, Met-Objekt 4214)
1775–1827 · Pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Landscape with Oxen and Felled Tree
Landscape with Oxen and Felled Tree
1775–1827 · Graphite, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — The Inn at the Ford
The Inn at the Ford
1775–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Landscape with rushing stream and a couple on the bank, frightened by a snake
Landscape with rushing stream and a couple on the bank, frightened by a snake
1775–1827 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — The Social Day
The Social Day
1775–1827 · Graphite, with blind scoring, and on verso, graphite blacking for tracing
Thomas Rowlandson — Woman Talking to a Seated Male Nude
Woman Talking to a Seated Male Nude
1775–1827 · Pen and brown ink, brush and gray wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Herd of Deer under an Oak Tree
Herd of Deer under an Oak Tree
1775–1827 · Pen and brush, red and gray watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — The Connoisseur (1780–1800)
The Connoisseur (1780–1800)
1780–1800 · Watercolor, pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Going to Ivy Bridge
Going to Ivy Bridge
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Street Scene: Vendor of Brushes
Street Scene: Vendor of Brushes
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Nude Couple Embracing (1780–1827, Met-Objekt 4177)
Nude Couple Embracing (1780–1827, Met-Objekt 4177)
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sailor's Return from Active Service
The Sailor's Return from Active Service
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Venus, Anchises and Cupid
Venus, Anchises and Cupid
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Standing Nude Man Supporting Fainting Female (Ludovisi Gaul in the Uffizi)
Standing Nude Man Supporting Fainting Female (Ludovisi Gaul in the Uffizi)
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Migrants
Migrants
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Nude Couple Embracing (1780–1827, Met-Objekt 4182)
Nude Couple Embracing (1780–1827, Met-Objekt 4182)
1780–1827 · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — The Reception
The Reception
1780–1827 · Watercolor, pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Downlands, Sussex
Downlands, Sussex
1780–1827 · Watercolor, pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — The Saw-Setter
The Saw-Setter
1780–1827 · Watercolor, pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Wooded hillside with deer
Wooded hillside with deer
1780–1827 · Pen and brown ink, brush and wash, graphite
Thomas Rowlandson — Study of Trees
Study of Trees
1780–1827 · Pen and brown ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Wooded Landscape with Ruins
Wooded Landscape with Ruins
1780–1827 · Pen and gray ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Hilly landscape with rocks
Hilly landscape with rocks
1780–1827 · Pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — The Drawing Lesson
The Drawing Lesson
1780–1827 · Charcoal over chalk
Thomas Rowlandson — St. Austle, Cornwall
St. Austle, Cornwall
1780–1827 · Watercolor, graphite, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Farming scene
Farming scene
1780–1827 · Watercolor, graphite, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Landscape (1780–1827)
Landscape (1780–1827)
1780–1827 · Watercolor, graphite, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Tavern Scene
Tavern Scene
1780–1827 · Watercolor, graphite, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Stable Yard with Horses
Stable Yard with Horses
1784–1795 · Pen and gray ink, brush and gray wash
Thomas Rowlandson — The Barber's Shop
The Barber's Shop
1785–1805 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Italian Affectation, Real Characters (1786–91)
Italian Affectation, Real Characters (1786–91)
1786–91 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Civility
Civility
1787 · Etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Diana and Her Nymphs Spied on by Satyrs
Diana and Her Nymphs Spied on by Satyrs
1790–1799 · Etching and stipple, hand-colored
Thomas Rowlandson — A Gaming Table at Devonshire House
A Gaming Table at Devonshire House
1791 · Pen and ink, brush and wash, watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Seaport
Seaport
1792 · Pen and brown Ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Covent Garden Theatre (1792)
Covent Garden Theatre (1792)
1792 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Carmarthen Castle, Wales
Carmarthen Castle, Wales
1797 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Venus of Urbino
Venus of Urbino
1799 · Etching and stipple, printed in brown ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Study for "A charm for democracy, reviewed, analyzed, and destroyed January 1, 1799" (recto and verso)
Study for "A charm for democracy, reviewed, analyzed, and destroyed January 1, 1799" (recto and verso)
1799 · Pen and gray ink, brush and gray wash, over graphite (recto); graphite (verso)
Thomas Rowlandson — Serpent Attacking a Naked Man
Serpent Attacking a Naked Man
1799 · Etching and stipple
Thomas Rowlandson — Buonaparte First Consul of France
Buonaparte First Consul of France
1800–04 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — The Successful Fortune Hunter, or Captain Shelalee Leading Miss Marrowfat to the Temple of Hymen
The Successful Fortune Hunter, or Captain Shelalee Leading Miss Marrowfat to the Temple of Hymen
1802 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Exhibition "Stare-Case"
The Exhibition "Stare-Case"
1811? · Etching, hand colored
Thomas Rowlandson — The Tailor
The Tailor
1814 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Tracing of scene from Dr. Syntax (1819)
Tracing of scene from Dr. Syntax (1819)
1819 · Graphite
Thomas Rowlandson — Dr. Syntax Loses His Wig
Dr. Syntax Loses His Wig
1820 · Graphite on tracing paper
Thomas Rowlandson — Dr. Syntax and the Superannuated Fox Hunters
Dr. Syntax and the Superannuated Fox Hunters
1820 · Graphite on tracing paper
Thomas Rowlandson — Beauty and the Beast
Beauty and the Beast
18th–19th century · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — A Couple at Table with Servants
A Couple at Table with Servants
18th–19th century · Watercolor, pen and brown ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Dr. Syntax with a Balky Horse Before an Inn
Dr. Syntax with a Balky Horse Before an Inn
18th–19th century · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — A Blacksmith
A Blacksmith
18th–19th century · Pen and black ink, brush and gray wash
Thomas Rowlandson — Public Characters
Public Characters
April 1, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Four Wheel Chaise (April 10, 1785, Met-Objekt 6061)
Four Wheel Chaise (April 10, 1785, Met-Objekt 6061)
April 10, 1785 · Etching with stipple
Thomas Rowlandson — Four Wheel Chaise (April 10, 1785, Met-Objekt 6062)
Four Wheel Chaise (April 10, 1785, Met-Objekt 6062)
April 10, 1785 · Etching with stipple
Thomas Rowlandson — The Syrens
The Syrens
April 10, 1787 · Etching aquatint and stipple
Thomas Rowlandson — The Devonshire, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes
The Devonshire, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes
April 12, 1784 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Taste (April 2, 1801, Met-Objekt 4310)
Taste (April 2, 1801, Met-Objekt 4310)
April 2, 1801 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Taste (April 2, 1801, Met-Objekt 4311)
Taste (April 2, 1801, Met-Objekt 4311)
April 2, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Wit's Last Stake, or the Cobbling Voters and Abject Canvassers
Wit's Last Stake, or the Cobbling Voters and Abject Canvassers
April 22, 1784 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Kings Place, or a View of M [Fox's] Best Friends
Kings Place, or a View of M [Fox's] Best Friends
April 22, 1784 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Departure
The Departure
April 29, 1784 · Etching; undescribed early state
Thomas Rowlandson — The Two Patriotic Duchesses on Their Canvass
The Two Patriotic Duchesses on Their Canvass
April 3, 1784 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Incurable (April 4, 1784, Met-Objekt 4289)
The Incurable (April 4, 1784, Met-Objekt 4289)
April 4, 1784 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Incurable (April 4, 1784, Met-Objekt 4290)
The Incurable (April 4, 1784, Met-Objekt 4290)
April 4, 1784 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Last Drop
The Last Drop
April 5, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Honey Moon (The English Dance of Death, plate 13)
The Honey Moon (The English Dance of Death, plate 13)
August 1, 1814 · Etching and aquatint with watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Domestic Shaving
Domestic Shaving
August 21, 1786 · Stippled etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Jemmy
A Jemmy
December 1, 1790 · Etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — A Jessamy
A Jessamy
December 1, 1790 · Etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — A Smart
A Smart
December 1, 1790 · Etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — The State Watchman Discovered by the Genius of Britain Studying Plans for the Reduction of America
The State Watchman Discovered by the Genius of Britain Studying Plans for the Reduction of America
December 10, 1781 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Filial Affection, or a Trip to Gretna Green
Filial Affection, or a Trip to Gretna Green
December 15, 1785 · Hand-colored etching with aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Courtship in High Life
Courtship in High Life
December 15, 1785 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — The Monkey Room in the Tower
The Monkey Room in the Tower
December 20, 1799 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Swearing a Bastard Child!
Swearing a Bastard Child!
December 20, 1800 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Great Cry and Little Wool (December 22, 1783, Met-Objekt 4285)
Great Cry and Little Wool (December 22, 1783, Met-Objekt 4285)
December 22, 1783 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Great Cry and Little Wool (December 22, 1783, Met-Objekt 4286)
Great Cry and Little Wool (December 22, 1783, Met-Objekt 4286)
December 22, 1783 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Political Hydra
The Political Hydra
December 26, 1788 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Touch on the Times (December 29, 1788, Met-Objekt 4259)
A Touch on the Times (December 29, 1788, Met-Objekt 4259)
December 29, 1788 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Touch on the Times (December 29, 1788, Met-Objekt 4264)
A Touch on the Times (December 29, 1788, Met-Objekt 4264)
December 29, 1788 · Hand-colored etching (impression blurred in printing)
Thomas Rowlandson — An Artist Travelling in Wales
An Artist Travelling in Wales
February 10, 1799 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Odd Characters
Odd Characters
February 16, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Britannia Roused, or the Coalition Monsters Destroyed
Britannia Roused, or the Coalition Monsters Destroyed
February 3, 1784 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Infant Hercules
The Infant Hercules
February 3, 1784 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Billy Lackbeard and Charley Blackbeard playing at Football
Billy Lackbeard and Charley Blackbeard playing at Football
February 7, 1784 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Mr. Bullock's Exhibition of Laplanders
Mr. Bullock's Exhibition of Laplanders
February 8, 1822 · Hand-colored aquatint and etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Private Amusement
Private Amusement
January 1, 1786 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Counciller
A Counciller
January 1, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Exhibition Room, Somerset House
Exhibition Room, Somerset House
January 1, 1808 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Exhibition at Bullock's Museum of Bonaparte's Carriage Taken at Waterloo
Exhibition at Bullock's Museum of Bonaparte's Carriage Taken at Waterloo
January 10, 1816 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Brilliants
The Brilliants
January 15, 1801 · Etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Oddities (January 1792)
Oddities (January 1792)
January 1792 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Oddities (January 1794)
Oddities (January 1794)
January 1794 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Mock Turtle
Mock Turtle
January 24, 1785 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Box Lobby Loungers
Box Lobby Loungers
January 5, 1811 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Fall of Achilles
The Fall of Achilles
January 7, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Le Brun Travested, or Caricatures of the Passions
Le Brun Travested, or Caricatures of the Passions
January–February 1800 · Etching, printed in brown ink, some hand-colored
Thomas Rowlandson — Light Summer Hat and Fashionable Walking Sticks for the Year 1801
Light Summer Hat and Fashionable Walking Sticks for the Year 1801
July 10, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sot (The English Dance of Death, plate 12)
The Sot (The English Dance of Death, plate 12)
July 1814 · Etching and aquatint with watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Covent Garden Theatre (July 20, 1786)
Covent Garden Theatre (July 20, 1786)
July 20, 1786 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Collar'd Pork
Collar'd Pork
July 25, 1800 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Connoisseurs
Connoisseurs
June 20, 1799 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Vaux-hall
Vaux-hall
June 28, 1785 · Engraving and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Sly-Boots
Sly-Boots
June 5, 1786 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Apostate Jack Robinson, The Political Rat Catcher–N.B. Rats Taken Alive!
The Apostate Jack Robinson, The Political Rat Catcher–N.B. Rats Taken Alive!
March 1, 1784 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Humbugging, or Raising the Devil
Humbugging, or Raising the Devil
March 12, 1800 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — The Golden Apple, or the Modern Paris
The Golden Apple, or the Modern Paris
March 2, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Surprising Irish Giant of St. James's Street
The Surprising Irish Giant of St. James's Street
March 27, 1785 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Carter and the Gipsies
The Carter and the Gipsies
May 10, 1815 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Journalist, With a View of Auckinleck–or the Land of Stones (Picturesque Beauties of Boswell, Part the First)
The Journalist, With a View of Auckinleck–or the Land of Stones (Picturesque Beauties of Boswell, Part the First)
May 15, 1786 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Walking Up the High Street, Edinburgh (Picturesque Beauties of Boswell, Part the First)
Walking Up the High Street, Edinburgh (Picturesque Beauties of Boswell, Part the First)
May 15, 1786 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Little Bigger
A Little Bigger
May 18, 1819 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Six Stages of Mending a Face, Dedicated with respect to the Right Hon-ble. Lady Archer
Six Stages of Mending a Face, Dedicated with respect to the Right Hon-ble. Lady Archer
May 29, 1792 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Walking Sticks and Round-A-Bouts for the Year 1801
Walking Sticks and Round-A-Bouts for the Year 1801
May 8, 1801 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Lust and Avarice
Lust and Avarice
November 29, 1788 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sad Discovery; or, the Graceless Apprentice
The Sad Discovery; or, the Graceless Apprentice
November 30, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Cully Pillag'd
A Cully Pillag'd
November 30, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Intrusion on Study or The Painter Disturbed
Intrusion on Study or The Painter Disturbed
November 30, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Comfort in the Gout
Comfort in the Gout
November 30, 1785 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Lady in Limbo, or Jew Bail Rejected
A Lady in Limbo, or Jew Bail Rejected
November 30, 1785 · Etching and stipple
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sad Discovery of the Graceless Apprentice (November 30, 1785, Met-Objekt 6067)
The Sad Discovery of the Graceless Apprentice (November 30, 1785, Met-Objekt 6067)
November 30, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sad Discovery of the Graceless Apprentice (November 30, 1785, Met-Objekt 6068)
The Sad Discovery of the Graceless Apprentice (November 30, 1785, Met-Objekt 6068)
November 30, 1785 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Two Penny Cribbage
Two Penny Cribbage
October 1, 1810 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — John Bull at the Italian Opera
John Bull at the Italian Opera
October 2, 1811 · Etching, hand colored
Thomas Rowlandson — Italian Affectation, Real Characters (September 1, 1780)
Italian Affectation, Real Characters (September 1, 1780)
September 1, 1780 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Light Summer Cloathing
Light Summer Cloathing
September 10, 1801 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Parachute or a Sage Lady's Second Experiment
The Parachute or a Sage Lady's Second Experiment
September 1785 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Looking at the Comet till You Get a Crick in the Neck
Looking at the Comet till You Get a Crick in the Neck
September 20, 1811 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Bookseller and Author
Bookseller and Author
September 25, 1784 · Hand-colored etching and aquatint
Thomas Rowlandson — Sr. Samuel House
Sr. Samuel House
[1780] reissued 1786–91 · Hand-colored etching with roulette; second state of second version
Thomas Rowlandson — A Sale of English-Beauties in the East Indies ([May 10, 1811], reprint, Met-Objekt 4410)
A Sale of English-Beauties in the East Indies ([May 10, 1811], reprint, Met-Objekt 4410)
[May 10, 1811], reprint · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — A Sale of English-Beauties in the East Indies ([May 10, 1811], reprint, Met-Objekt 4411)
A Sale of English-Beauties in the East Indies ([May 10, 1811], reprint, Met-Objekt 4411)
[May 10, 1811], reprint · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Shipyard, Greenwich
Shipyard, Greenwich
before 1791 · Reed pen and brown ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Which Way Shall I Turn Me? How Can I Decide?
Which Way Shall I Turn Me? How Can I Decide?
ca. 1780 · Etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Q A loaded with the spoils of India and Britain, March 6, 1788
The Q A loaded with the spoils of India and Britain, March 6, 1788
ca. 1788 · Pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — How to Escape Losing
How to Escape Losing
ca. 1791 · Pen and gray ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — The Comforts of Bath: A Public Breakfast
The Comforts of Bath: A Public Breakfast
ca. 1798 · Watercolor, graphite, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Unused study for a plate to "Hungarian and Highland Broadsword Exercise"
Unused study for a plate to "Hungarian and Highland Broadsword Exercise"
ca. 1799 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — An Irish Howl
An Irish Howl
ca. 1799 · Pen and brush, with two different inks
Thomas Rowlandson — The Review
The Review
ca. 1800 · Watercolor, pen and ink, brush and wash
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sculptor [Preparations for the Academy, Old Joseph Nollekens and his Venus] (ca. 1800, Met-Objekt 4273)
The Sculptor [Preparations for the Academy, Old Joseph Nollekens and his Venus] (ca. 1800, Met-Objekt 4273)
ca. 1800 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — The Sculptor [Preparations for the Academy, Old Joseph Nollekens and his Venus] (ca. 1800, Met-Objekt 4275)
The Sculptor [Preparations for the Academy, Old Joseph Nollekens and his Venus] (ca. 1800, Met-Objekt 4275)
ca. 1800 · Hand-colored etching
Thomas Rowlandson — Easterly Winds
Easterly Winds
ca. 1810 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Going Sick to the Rear
Going Sick to the Rear
ca. 1815 · Pen and purple and brown ink
Thomas Rowlandson — Fairlop Fair, Essex
Fairlop Fair, Essex
ca. 1816 · Pen and brown and gray inks, with watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Tracing of scene from Dr. Syntax (ca. 1819)
Tracing of scene from Dr. Syntax (ca. 1819)
ca. 1819 · Fragment of darkened tracing paper
Thomas Rowlandson — Pleasure of a Poste aux Anes, from Sentimental Travels
Pleasure of a Poste aux Anes, from Sentimental Travels
ca. 1821 · Watercolor, pen and ink
Thomas Rowlandson — All Fours
All Fours
first published March 14, 1783 [a later reissue?] · Hand-colored etching and engraving
Thomas Rowlandson — The Squire's Kitchen
The Squire's Kitchen
late 18th–early 19th century · Pen and brown ink, brush and brown wash, watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Ships and Sailors
Ships and Sailors
late 18th–early 19th century · Watercolor
Thomas Rowlandson — Figures by the Seashore
Figures by the Seashore
late 18th–early 19th century · Watercolor, pen and brown ink
Thomas Rowlandson — A Military Review
A Military Review
late 18th–early 19th century · Pen and black ink